Application: Identification of hidden alleles in breeds that show A-locus dependent variation in coat colors. The four A-Locus alleles are expressed as a hierarchy: a(y) > a(w) > a(t) > a. A- locus predispositions only take effect if there is no „K(B)“-allele at the K-Locus and at least one „E“-allele at the E-Locus. Other loci (B-Locus, D-Locus) may also influence A-Locus...

Application: Testing coat color 'brown' identifies animals that carry „b“-alleles. The brown coat color can develop if both genes are 'affected' (b/b) and an „E“-Allel at the E-locus is present. Effective Ay and Aw alleles at the A-locus may hide a b/b situation. 3 loci are analysed.

Application: Identification of carriers for straight coat.
In most dog breeds curly hair is caused by a mutation in the KRT71 gene. A single defect is sufficient representing a dominant autosomal mode of inheritance. This mode allows for carriers with hidden non-curly alleles. Mating of a carrier dam with a carrier sire will result in 25% non-curly offspring. Long hair...

Application: - Carrier identification. Coat color dilution is autosomal-recessive. Dilution manifests if the mutation is homozygous (d/d). A dog with two variant copies of the MLPH gene will have a blue, charcoal, Isabella (lilac) or fawn coat color depending on the other coat color genes present in the individual. In some breeds dilute coat color can be associated with...

Application: - identification of heterozygous carriers
Genetic testing of the MC1R mutation c.916 C>T will determine whether a dog is a carrier of the predisposition for coat color 'yellow' / 'red'. The trait is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, two copies of the e allele (genotype e/e) are required to have the characteristic yellow/red coat color.

Application: Carrier identification. Genetic testing of this MC1R variant will determine whether a dog is a carrier of melanistic mask alleles. The trait is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. A single copy of the Em allele (genotype Em/E) is sufficient to have the characteristic mask.

Application: - Identification of heterozygous carriers.
'Furnishings' are the long eyebrows and whiskers of wire-haired dogs. The predisposition is autosomal-dominant, so that only by testing can it be determined whether a phenotypically wire-haired animal is homozygous or heterozygous for 'Furnishings' and the wire-haired coat texture. Knowing the predisposition to...

Application: - Identification of carriers with unclear coat markings.
Dogs with harlequin patterns have a white ground colour and black speckles of different size distributed asymmetrically over the whole body. The prerequisite is the presence of a disposition to merle. If this is the case, the harlequin pattern can be caused by a heterozygous mutation in the PSMB7 gene of...

Application:
- Identification of predisposition K(B). This test examines whether the dog carries the dominant K(B) allele. If this is present, the animal has a solid black coat in the pigmented areas and the effect of the A-locus is not observed. If the animal has the genotype 'b/b' at the B-locus, the coat colour would not be black, but brown. The effect of the genotype at...

Application.:
- Identification of carriers for long hair in short-haired dogs. - Proof of long-hair predisposition in cases of unclear phenotype.
Long hair is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, meaning that two copies (status L/L) of the long hair variant are required to produce long hair. Dogs with one copy (K/L) or no copies (K/K) will have short hair.

Anwendung: Identifikation der typischen und kryptischen 'Merle'-Anlage. 'Merle' ist eine Farbvariation, die auf Grund der autosomal-dominanten Vererbung bei einer einzelnen Mutation im SILV-Gen auftritt. Voraussetzung ist, dass am E-Lokus eine 'E'-Anlage gegeben ist. Das Ausmaß der Merle-Zeichnung variiert stark. Bei reinerbigen Auftreten sind die Folgen je nach Rasse z.T....

Application: - Determination of the predisposition status for breeding planning. - Diagnosis in case of partial white colouring.
This test is used to determine whether the dog carries the hereditary disposition for the piebald pattern. According to Schmutz et al, the SINE insertion tested can be a marker for the piebald allele with an accuracy of at least 95% in those dog...